i.      Bourbon monarchy overthrown

                                                            ii.      Louis Philippe came to power

                                                          iii.      Europe reminded of the previous revolutions in France (still considered to be the main danger in France

                                                          iv.      Countries were distracted by their own problems

                                                            v.      Powers agreed not intervene as long as it didn’t affect other countries

1. b.      Belgian Revolt

                                                              i.      Belgians were under the rule of the Netherlands

                                                            ii.      Belgians were disgruntled with the enforcement of the Dutch language, Dutch officials, unfair taxation and division about religion

                                                          iii.      King of the Netherlands asked for help, but new concerns had developed in 1830

                                                          iv.      The other powers were concerned with the ‘liberal’ French intervention to protect the Catholic Belgians

                                                            v.      France threatened to send in troops if the Dutch sent in troops to Belgium

                                                          vi.      By October 1830

1. c.       Polish Revolution
2. 2.      How successfully did (a) Russia, (b) France and (c) Britain uphold their interests in the Near East between 1831 and 1841?
   1. a.      Russia: 

                                                              i.      Wanted to protect the Orthodox Christians and trading routes. 

                                                            ii.      Also concerned with the expansion of France

                                                          iii.      They were successful because in the Treaty of Unkair-Skelessi Turkey ensured Russian rights to the Black Sea. 

                                                          iv.      When France worked with Mahemet Ali, the Russia decided to act independently before the French could really make a move ensuring to limit French influence in the region.

1. b.       France

                                                              i.      France was unable to protect its interests

                                                            ii.      When the other Great Powers met, France was isolated in supporting Ali so it had to go along with the decisions made by the others

                                                          iii.      Eventually Egypt was given to Ali, but France had to essentially switch side to prevent war from breaking out

1. c.        Britain

                                                              i.      Britain’s main concerns was to keep Russia and France in check

                                                            ii.      Palmerston wanted to give support to the Turkish Empire…to ensure their trading routes, however the British cabinet overruled his decision

                                                          iii.      Britain would work cooperatively with the other powers to ensure stability within the Ottoman Empire.

1. 3.      How and why did Britain’s relationships with France and Russia change in the period from 1831 to 1841?
   1. a.      Britain and France

                                                              i.      At the beginning of the Egyptian revolt again Turkey, Britain did not want to intervene.

                                                            ii.      France saw the situation as a good way to side with Egypt at first because they could ensure some influence in the region

                                                          iii.      Eventually the British intervened in squashing Ali’s attempt to break from Turkish rule

                                                          iv.      The French really had no other choice to agree with the other powers

1. b.       Britain and Russia

                                                              i.      In this situation both were able to agree upon about keeping France in check with spreading their influence

                                                            ii.      Russia was able to give support to the Turks immediately while the British questioned Russia’s motives

                                                          iii.      When the Turks agreed to give full rain to Russia in the Black Sea, the British were interested in eliminating that agreement

                                                          iv.      Britain realized that it would have to work with Russia and the other Holy Alliance countries in order to not lose their position with Turkey

1. 4.      Using information from the whole of this chapter, explain why the Great Powers were successful in maintaining peace in Europe from 1815 to 1848?
   1. a.      Checks and balances

                                                              i.      Countries could not necessarily act on their own without intervention from another country or suffer consequences that could  be hazardous to their own affairs

1. 1.      Each country had their own interests, but the alliance system required that countries negotiated.
2. 2.      The different congresses that were held across the continent of Europe helped to create relative stability
3. 3.      When revolts did break out (Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Italy, Greece) nations did further divide (Holy Alliance)

                                                            ii.      Keep France in check

1. 1.      The two Treaties of Paris were able to keep France in check.
2. 2.      When the first treaty failed the countries were able to unite and demand further reparations be made by France
3. 3.      When the other countries realized that France was acting independently in Egypt, other countries realized they had to have France work with them.

                                                          iii.      Congresses

1. 1.      Some historians have argued that the Congress of Vienna and the Concert of Europe were failures because of the continuous revisions
2. 2.      However, one could argue that the revisions allowed the Great Powers to take into consideration the different circumstances that faced each situation (with each of the revolts

 Give examples from some of the revolts

                                                              i.      He wanted to free the Greeks and Romanian Christians.

                                                            ii.      The revolt was unsuccessful because the Romanians did not want the Greek’s help because they hated them more than the Turks. 

                                                          iii.      Russia felt it needed to intervene and gave Turkey an ultimatum (Turkey rejected it)

                                                          iv.      Austria and Britain met to devise a plan to prevent Russia and Turkey fighting

                                                            v.      According the Troppau Protocol Russia should not intervene because Greece was in a rebellion which was considered a crime. 

                                                          vi.      1823 Britain grant ‘belligerent rights’ to the Greeks (Br. Wanted to protect themselves from Greek pirates)

                                                        vii.      The powers of Europe tried to compromise at St. Petersburg but they were unable to do so

1. b.      Changes in 1824-1827

                                                              i.      1824 the Sultan of Turkey called on the Egyptians which would be led by Mehemet Ali (He was bribed with promises of rewards for his aid)

                                                            ii.      Britain was outraged (Gave money to the Greeks)

1. c.       Russian Intervention

                                                              i.      Russians claimed they were protecting the Orthodox Christians

                                                            ii.      Russians were becoming pro-Greek

                                                          iii.      St. Petersburg Protocol Signed by Russia and Britain (later France would join)  The goal was to make a settlement with the Turks

                                                          iv.      Several unsuccessful attempts

1. d.      Treaty of London (11/30/1829): 

                                                              i.      Turks accepted the Treaty granting Greece independence under Turkish rule

                                                            ii.      At the last moment Britain, France and Russia wanted Greece to have complete independence

                                                          iii.      Treaty was not completely settled until 1832

1. e.      Impact of Greek revolt

                                                              i.      Austria felt excluded from the negotiations of the Great Powers and lacked power

                                                            ii.      Also demonstrated the power of revolutions

                                                          iii.      Temporarily broke down the Holy Alliance and the cooperation of France, Russia and Britain

1. 2.      What was the effect of the 1830 revolutions throughout Europe?
   1. a.      1830 French Revolution

                                                              i.      Bourbon monarchy overthrown

                                                            ii.      Louis Philippe came to power

                                                          iii.      Europe reminded of the previous revolutions in France (still considered to be the main danger in France

                                                          iv.      Countries were distracted by their own problems

                                                            v.      Powers agreed not intervene as long as it didn’t affect other countries

1. b.      Belgian Revolt

                                                              i.      Belgians were under the rule of the Netherlands

                                                            ii.      Belgians were disgruntled with the enforcement of the Dutch language, Dutch officials, unfair taxation and division about religion

                                                          iii.      King of the Netherlands asked for help, but new concerns had developed in 1830

                                                          iv.      The other powers were concerned with the ‘liberal’ French intervention to protect the Catholic Belgians

                                                            v.      France threatened to send in troops if the Dutch sent in troops to Belgium

                                                          vi.      By October 1830

1. c.       Polish Revolution
2. 3.      How successfully did (a) Russia, (b) France and (c) Britain uphold their interests in the Near East between 1831 and 1841?
   1. a.      Russia: 

                                                              i.      Wanted to protect the Orthodox Christians and trading routes. 

                                                            ii.      Also concerned with the expansion of France

                                                          iii.      They were successful because in the Treaty of Unkair-Skelessi Turkey ensured Russian rights to the Black Sea. 

                                                          iv.      When France worked with Mahemet Ali, the Russia decided to act independently before the French could really make a move ensuring to limit French influence in the region.

1. b.       France

                                                              i.      France was unable to protect its interests

                                                            ii.      When the other Great Powers met, France was isolated in supporting Ali so it had to go along with the decisions made by the others

                                                          iii.      Eventually Egypt was given to Ali, but France had to essentially switch side to prevent war from breaking out

1. c.        Britain

                                                              i.      Britain’s main concerns was to keep Russia and France in check

                                                            ii.      Palmerston wanted to give support to the Turkish Empire…to ensure their trading routes, however the British cabinet overruled his decision

                                                          iii.      Britain would work cooperatively with the other powers to ensure stability within the Ottoman Empire.

1. 4.      How and why did Britain’s relationships with France and Russia change in the period from 1831 to 1841?
   1. a.      Britain and France

                                                              i.      At the beginning of the Egyptian revolt again Turkey, Britain did not want to intervene.

                                                            ii.      France saw the situation as a good way to side with Egypt at first because they could ensure some influence in the region

                                                          iii.      Eventually the British intervened in squashing Ali’s attempt to break from Turkish rule

                                                          iv.      The French really had no other choice to agree with the other powers

1. b.       Britain and Russia

                                                              i.      In this situation both were able to agree upon about keeping France in check with spreading their influence

                                                            ii.      Russia was able to give support to the Turks immediately while the British questioned Russia’s motives

                                                          iii.      When the Turks agreed to give full rain to Russia in the Black Sea, the British were interested in eliminating that agreement

                                                          iv.      Britain realized that it would have to work with Russia and the other Holy Alliance countries in order to not lose their position with Turkey

1. 5.      Using information from the whole of this chapter, explain why the Great Powers were successful in maintaining peace in Europe from 1815 to 1848?
   1. a.      Checks and balances

                                                              i.      Countries could not necessarily act on their own without intervention from another country or suffer consequences that could  be hazardous to their own affairs

1. 1.      Each country had their own interests, but the alliance system required that countries negotiated.
2. 2.      The different congresses that were held across the continent of Europe helped to create relative stability
3. 3.      When revolts did break out (Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Italy, Greece) nations did further divide (Holy Alliance)

                                                            ii.      Keep France in check

1. 1.      The two Treaties of Paris were able to keep France in check.
2. 2.      When the first treaty failed the countries were able to unite and demand further reparations be made by France
3. 3.      When the other countries realized that France was acting independently in Egypt, other countries realized they had to have France work with them.

                                                          iii.      Congresses

1. 1.      Some historians have argued that the Congress of Vienna and the Concert of Europe were failures because of the continuous revisions
2. 2.      However, one could argue that the revisions allowed the Great Powers to take into consideration the different circumstances that faced each situation (with each of the revolts

                                                          iv.       Give examples from some of the revolts  

6. How and why did the Greek struggle for independence affect the powers of Europe?
a. Turkish empire (description of land mass and demographics): From Austria to Prussia, northern part of Africa. Had to deal with many differences in religion, language and culture
b. French Revolution influence: Established liberal ideas throughout Europe.
c. Russia:
i. Wanted to protect trade agreements with Turkey throughout the Black Sea
ii. Wanted to protect Orthodox Christians.
iii. Russia also wanted to expand into Asia Minor and the Balkans
d. Britain
i. Upper class British citizens had sympathy towards the Greeks, hoping they would reestablish the Greek civilization
ii. Wanted to protect their trading interests in that region of the world
iii. Wanted to be cautious of increasing Russian power
e. Austria
i. Most concerned with Italy and Central Europe
ii. Wanted to prevent the strengthening of Russia
f. France
i. Had well established political and commercial ties with Turkey
ii. Established immunity from Turkish law for European nations
iii. France’s upper class sympathized with the Greeks
g. Prussia
i. Not really concerned with the affairs of distant countries like Turkey
ii. Part of the Holy Alliance though so had to look for Russia and Austria for leadership
h. Greek Revolt in 1821-1824: not successful at fir
i. Changes in 1824-1827
j. Russian Intervention
k. Treaty of London (11/30/1829)
l. Impact of Greek revolt
7. What was the effect of the 1830 revolutions throughout Europe?
a. 1830 French Revolution
b. Belgian Revolt
c. Polish Revolution
8. How successfully did (a) Russia, (b) France and (c) Britain uphold their interests in the Near East between 1831 and 1841?
a. Russia
b. France
c. Britain
9. How and why did Britain’s relationships with France and Russia change in the period from 1831 to 1841?
a. Britain and France
b. Britain and Russia
10. Using information from the whole of this chapter, explain why the Great Powers were successful in maintaining peace in Europe from 1815 to 1848?
a. Establishment of the Congresses and the ‘Concert of Europe’
b. Maintain checks and balances throughout Europe
c. Maintain peace throughout Europe (Give examples of peace keeping efforts)

Create a city:

1. Location
2. Size of Population
3. Average annual income
4. Average age
5. Develop solutions to the following issues:
   1. Housing
   2. Transportation
   3. Economic Development
   4. Recreation

Page 490:

Reform a school board in the context of the turn of the 20^th Century:

Take into consideration the following issues:

1.  Recent influx of immigrant children
2. Increasing school age populations
3. New industrial jobs available in regards to their area (Choose a city and utilize what would be available).  If you need help on this questions please raise your hand.
4. African American students attending school

Page 496-7:

Read and answer the following three questions:

1.  What was the Supreme Court’s ruling Plessy v. Ferguson?
2. How did the Supreme Court’s ruling affect Southern states?
3. How and when was the Plessy v. Ferguson decision overturned?

 Homework:

Read pages 512-518

Questions 1-4 on page 518

Assg. #25

Due Date:  10/28/10

You will be making a portfolio of Napoleon Bonaparte’s reign over France and much of Europe.  Your portfolio will consist of:

1.  Cover Page
2. Chapter 5 outline
3. Mini-Project #1
4. Mini-Project #2
5. Mini-Project #3
6. A one page essay about one of the following prompts…Pick one: 
   1. Was Napoleon a revolutionary, reformer or reactionary?
   2. How did Napoleon impact Europe?

You will be graded on accuracy and depth of information, grammar, originality and presentation of material.

10.  In what ways were the sans-culottes driving events in France at this time?  The sans-culottes were a radical group that was willing to use violence for their voices to be heard.  They were the group responsible for storming of the Bastille, the journees that took place throughout France and the Terror.  During the Terror, the sans-culottes urged people to fight for liberty, equality and the right to carry out attacks to protect the Revolution.  They disliked the wealthy, hoarders, royalists, traitors and aristocrats.  The only proof required was their accusation.

11.  To what extent did the Committee of Public Safety reverse the revolution at the end of 1793 and beginning of 1794?  The Committee of Public Safety (CPS) had to take several courses of action to reign in the chaos throughout France.  In late 1793 the CPS passed the Law of 14 Frimaire:  revolutionary armies were disbanded in the provinces, CPS was given a large amount of power over local governments.  The Committee of General Security was given power of the police and Revolutionary Tribunal.  The leader of the CPS Robespierre did not tolerate anyone who spoke out against the CPS. 

12.  How was the dominance of the sans-culottes ended?  The sans-culottes were the driving force behind the Terror which created a chaotic scenario for France.  After the Convention executed Robespierre, the CPS lost a tremendous amount of power, taking away a political voice for the sans-culottes.  With their leader gone, the sans-culottes had no one to organize them and were unable to raise an army to prevent the Convention to use military force against them. 

13.  How did the Thermidorian Reaction affect the Terror?  The Thermidorians were able to remove Robespierre and Antoine Saint-Just after the two had attacked other members of the CPS.  Both were arrested with little support for their release and were executed on July 28, 1794.  Many moderates had realized that the Terror was no long necessary.  Moderate deputies known as Thermidorians were took control by decreasing the amount of executions, radical political clubs were shut down, the CPS lost its say in domestic affairs and the Revolutionary Tribunal would only last for a year. 

14.  How successfully did the Thermidorian reaction bring more stability to France?  The Thermidorians brought a degree of stability to France after the Terror.  They shut down radical groups such as the Jacobins, the CPS lost its’ voice in domestic affairs and the Revolutionary Tribunal was to be shut down within a year.  They had diminished the power of the radical sans-culottes who were responsible for the Terror. 

Paris was not free of violence though.  There was an era known as the “White Terror” which lasted from about 1795 to 1797.  This lash out was aimed towards those who participated in the revolution: the sans-culottes, government officials, constitutional priests and those who rounded up people for the Revolutionary Tribunal.  In Paris the violence was limited to gang beatings, however it other regions such as Vendee, thousands of former terrorists were murdered.  The French government had to use military force to quiet the violent outbreaks.  The system of checks and balances that was created under the Thermidorians was so spread out that there was a potential for a government lock up if councils did not work together.  If things got out of hand the government, known as the Directory, would have to rely on the military.  Military involvement was supported when an uprising of 25,000 armed protestors went to the Directory and was quieted down by the army led by Napoleon Bonaparte.

15.  Was the Directory a complete failure?  When the Directory took over the government of France they were faced were huge problems such as inflation, violence, war, debt, lack of order and the memories of the Terror.  The Terror was still in people’s minds so the fact that the Directory relied too heavily on the military did not allow people to believe in their government.  The military however did successfully take down France’s enemies.  In attempt to fix the financial crisis, war loot helped to some degree with paying off debts, however, French currency was worthless.  The taxation system was streamlined and run by the Directory which would ensure proper tax collection.  On two occasions the Directory was threatened by royalists who would potential win control of the legislative body.  The Directory used force to quiet royalist supporters.  The laws that were created by the Directory even went against the constitution because it allowed the government to arrests people without a trial.  The Directory failed to change France significantly.